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EREYADA FURAHA EE MAWDUUCA "IS DIYAARINTA"

by Phil Bartle

Waxaa tarjumay Salat Ali Omar

NACEYB

Naceybku waa mid ka mid ah shanta qeybood ee faqriga iyo ku tiirsanaanta.

Waxaa jira oraah somaliyeed oo oraneysa.

“Ilaahow xoolo isii tacban maayee” taasoo ka tarjumeysa in allah wax uu ku siin karo laakiin aad adigana shaqeysato Isna caawino dhexdeena.

Wuxuu alle na siiyay awoodo: aan wax ku xulano, ku wada shaqeyno, isku duwno, iyo qaab aan ku habeyno qaab nololeedkeena; ma ahan inaan niraahno kaliya ilaahow xoolo nasii. shaqeysan meynee.

DHAQDHAQAAJIN

mararka qaarkood waxaa loogu yeeraa dhaqdhaqaajinta bulshada. caadiyan ereyga dhaqdhaqaaq waxa uu ka yimid (nolol, naf, dab, dhaqdhaqaq otomatik ah) si loo kiciyo ama loo wacyigeliyo bulsho si ay u dhaqaaqdo, si ay u noolaato, si ay u horumarto, mararka qaarkood ereygan waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu bedelo wacyigelinta.

dhaqdhaqaajinta micnaheedu waa mideynta iyo wacyigelinta bulshada si ay (si mideysan) ugu sameyaan waxa ay rabaan.

marka la qaadanayo tababarada maamulka bulshada waxay aad ugu dheeraadaan ereyga dhaqdhaqaajinta bulshada, si loo kobciya awooda bulshada iyadoo la isticmaalayo habka tababarka maamulka , ama ururada ay bulshadu sameysato, si ay go'aan uga gaaraan, una qorsheyaan, oo ay maamulaan horumarkooda, waxay ku tababareysaa xubnaha bulshada iyo hogaamiyayaasha xirfadaha maamulka ay u baahan yihiin si ay u hubiyaan in bulshadu ay qaadato masuuliyadda kontorolida howlaha ay bulshadu leedahay.

waxa kale ay dhiirigelineysaa ama ay tababareysaa madaxda dowlada, dowladaha hoose iyo hogaamiyayaasha bulshada si ay uga tanasulaan qaabka yasida ah ee gudbinta aqab iyo howl. waxay baranayaan inay u fududeeyaa bulshada inay aqoonsato ilaha una bilaabaan waxqabad keenaya in ay bixiyaan si ay u ilaaliyaan goobaha iyo adeegyada dejinta aadanaha,

ANIMATOR

Mobiliser. See: animation.

APATHY

Apathy is one of the five main factors of poverty and dependency.

It is sometimes related to a fatalistic philosophy.  Yet, "Pray to God, but also row to shore," a Russian proverb, demonstrates that we are in God's hands, but we also have a responsibility to help ourselves.

We were created with many abilities: to choose, to cooperate, to organize in improving the quality of our lives; we should not let our ideas of God or Allah be used as an excuse to do nothing.

CAPACITY

The ability, power or strength of a community or an organization. When it is empowered, it gets stronger.

CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

Increasing the "capacity" (ability) of a community or an organization. Empowerment. Strengthening.

See Elements of Strength for a list of sixteen elements of capacity building.

The difference between capacity development and capacity building lies with the conception of where the force of growth originates.

The term "capacity building" implies that some agency outside the community or organisation supplies the energy to increase its capacity.

It is informed by the concept of "social engineering."

The term "capacity development," in contrast, implies that the energy for growth is internal to the community or organisation.

See the slogan by Julius Nyerere; a community develops itself.

CELEBRATION

A celebration is a happy recognition of an event, usually one which changes the status of a person or thing. A celebration is a public party.

For a mobilizer, celebration of completion of a community project is an important element of community empowerment, where the community is publicly recognized for successfully engaging in self-help.

It is also an opportunity to start a new beginning, another mobilization cycle.

See: Mobilization Cycle. See: Celebration.

CHARITY

The helping of poor or needy people is a universal value, and found in all the major world religions. But there is giving and giving.

If your gift makes the receiver dependent upon you, then you are not helping to strengthen the receiver, or helping him or her become more self reliant.

When you give some coins to a beggar on the street, then you are training that person to be more of a beggar.

If your assistance is well thought out, and helps to strengthen the receiver (see the story of Mohammed and the rope in Stories), then it is a much more useful gift.

COMMUNITY

The word "community" has been used in several different contexts.

Biologists talk of community as meaning several individuals in a single species, or several different species, living, competing, co-operating, to make a larger whole.

Since the advent of the internet and information technology, various collections of persons, often those sharing a single interest, have grown up, without geographical boundaries, and who communicate electronically.

The focus on this web site in this training series, is on a more orthodox meaning of community, a community of living human beings, one which usually has geographic boundaries (except those may be stretched, as in nomadic communities), associated, for example in communities that range from local neighbourhoods in large urban areas, to remote rural villages. See Habitat.

A community is not just a collection of individual human beings. It is a super organism that belongs to and is part of culture, composed of interactions between people, everything that is learned. Its six dimensions include: technology, economy, political power, social patterns, shared values, beliefs and ideas. It is not transmitted by biological means, but by learning.

Like a tree or other life form that transcends the very atoms which compose it, its human members can come of go, through death, birth or migration, and it still continues to live and grow. It is never homogeneous, having many factions, schisms, competition and conflicts within it. A community is a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. See "What is Community."

See: Community Characteristics.

COMMUNITY BASED

For a project or organization to be community based, it must originate in a community, must have community members responsible, and have its decisions (policy and executive) made by community members.

An outside agency or project that is merely located in a community can not rightly claim to be community based. Also, consulting with community leaders does not make it community based.

There is a big difference between community-based and community-located If an agency sets up a service in a community (eg a clinic, an IG programme), then that is community-located.

To be called community-based correctly, an activity, construction, service, or organization, must be chosen, selected and controlled by the community as a whole (not just some factions). The important thing is for decision making to be community-based, the decisions must be made inside and by the community.

See Community Based Social Work in Refugee Camps.

COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATION

A CBO is an organization that has been formed and developed within a community, where the decision making (management and planning) is from the community as a whole.

An agency that is formed from outside, and has decisions made for it from outside, may be community located, but is not community based. See the Acronym, CBO.

COMMUNITY BASED REHABILITATION

Rehabilitation in this context means physical (biological), emotional or mental rehabilitation (or habilitation) of persons who are disabled by some physical, emotional or mental incapacity.

Where rehabilitation is community based, then the decision making and responsibility for the habilitation of those disabled individuals are in the community, and do not originate outside the community.

COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTION

When we point out that community participation is not the same thing as community contribution (though many mistakenly assume it is), we also note that both are necessary.

While community participation means the decision making that makes any activity community based or community centred, community contribution is necessary to ensure that the community members feel that they own the project, ie that they have invested in it, not just received it.

We recommend that at least fifty percent of the inputs of any community project that we support must come from the community itself. At first this is often viewed with anxiety and despair from many community members. Then we point out that the donated communal labour alone has to be fairly calculated, and that if they did so, they would be pleasantly surprised at how much value that would add to the community input.

We point out that the time spent by community members, especially those that sit on the executive committee, deciding and planning the project, are donations of executive and management skills, time and labour. The donated labour should be fairly costed. Furthermore, we point out that the value of donations of sand and dirt, too, are often underestimated, and should be recognized, with fair cost estimates, as community inputs.

HORUMARKA BULSHADA

Marka ay bulsho horumarto, wey kobocdaa.

Taasu micnaheeda maaha inay balaaraneyso ama ay qani noqoneyso.

Waxay tahay macnaheeda inay noqoneyso bulsho awood leh oo isku xiran.

Geedka Garaska ma dhalan isagoo weyn ee waxaa uu ka abuurmay miro yar. Sawir geedka garaska oo leh qaab guri.

Bulshadu ma horumarin karo wacyigeliyaha sida ubaxa uu waraabiyo ninka beeraleyda ah ee uu u koro.

Bulshadu  (sida urur bulsho) uu isu horumarinkaro.

Wacyigeliyuhu waa dhiirigeliye kaliya, waxaa uuna dhiiri geliyaa ama hagaa qeybaha bulshada.

COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT

To increase capacity of a community is to increase its ability to do things for itself.

It is more than just adding some communal services or facilities like roads, sanitation, water, access to education and health care.

It means increased ability and strength. It means more skills, more confidence, and more effective organization. It can not come about by charity or donation of resources from outside. It can be facilitated through action such as community projects, but only when all community members become involved from the beginning, to decide upon a community action, to identify hidden resources from within the community, and by developing a sense of ownership and responsibility of communal facilities from the start to the finish.

While increased democratization may be helped by Government devolving some law making power to the community, its capacity to make use of its legal decision making depends upon it having practical capacity, ie the ability to make decisions about its own development, to determine its own future. Power, strength, capacity, ability, empowerment.

Community development means growing in complexity in all six dimensions of culture.  It differs from community empowerment which means growing stronger. Although the two are different by definition, they are intricately linked to each other.

COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT TRAINING

Community management training is aimed at poverty reduction, the strengthening of low income communities in the planning and management of human settlements communal facilities and services, their construction, operation and maintenance. This is training for action, not just for skill transfer or for giving information to individuals.

Training, as a method for strengthening low income communities, for poverty reduction, for promoting community participation, for practical support to democratization and decentralization, is far from being only the transfer of information and skills to the trainees. It also includes mobilizing and organizing. This is non orthodox training.

Formalization and institutionalization of this kind of training brings with it the danger of emasculating the training, of emphasizing the skill transfer over the encouragement, mobilization and organizing aspects of the training.

Management training in this sense was developed for strengthening the effectiveness of top and middle management in profit making corporations.

It has been modified here, and integrated with techniques of trade union organizing, for the purposes of mobilizing and strengthening the capacity of low income communities to come together, help themselves, for developmental social change.

KA GEYB GALKA BULSHADA

Habkan, bulshada ayaa ka qeyb gasha taageertana, hadii ay bulshadu ku lahaato qeyb  daqliga iyo waxqabadka masuuliyada iyada ayaa qadanaysa.

Waxaan xitaa ku dhiiri gelineynaa dowladaha, iyo deeqbixiyayaasha dibada in ay howlaha ay bulshada u qabanayaan ka qeyb geliyaan bulshda qeybaheeda kala duwan; taasna waxay ku imaan kartaa in bulshada lala tashado.

Ka qeyb galka bulshadu waa ka macno weyntahay yabooh ay sameyaan ama shaqo ay qabtaan; waa in ay go’aanka ka gaarida wax ku lahadaan, oo ay doorataa fulisaa, maamushaa, dabagal ku sameysaa, kontoroshaa. Waa ay ka duwan tahay inay wax ku yaboohdaa.

Wacyigelinta bulshadu waxay horumarisaa waxqabadyada iyo yoolalka bulshada, oo ah in bulshada masuuliyad ka saaran tahay horumarkeeda, iyadoo laga bilaabaya mashruucee fushanaa, iyo in ay dhirigeliyaan abaabulka daqliga la rabo iyo diyaarinta shaqada.

Horumarinta ka qeybgalka bulshadu micnaheeju waa hubinta talabada laqaadayo ma tahay mid (aan ahayn qeyb kaliya) qeybaha bulshada (aan ahayn hay’adaha dibada).

CONSULT

When an aid agency or donor organization consults with community leaders or representatives, they often ask if the community wants a project. That answer is likely to be, "Yes."  The agency may then report to its board or donors that there was community participation. That is incorrect.

What has taken place is a consultation, not genuine community participation in decision making, choosing and planning a project from among the community priorities (in contrast to the agency's priorities).

CONTRIBUTION

Some people will confuse participation with contribution. Many people, when they hear the phrase, community participation. assume it only means community contribution. They think only of the communal labour that members will put into the project.

Unfortunately, there have been many cases in the past where community members were treated as serfs or slaves and forced to contribute their labour (or other resources, eg land, food). The methodology promoted in this handbook is quite the opposite. Participation here means participation in decision making, not merely the contribution of resources. See community contribution.

CRITICISM

One of the most important bits of wisdom to learn is that when we see something wrong, to criticize it usually does not make it right, or correct the problem. Instead, it usually makes the problem worse.

Why? Because human beings feel threatened and under attack when someone is criticizing them. Criticism lowers our/their self confidence and self esteem.  We become defensive when criticized, and instead of correcting the mistake, we tend to defend it.

When we are mobilizing communities, co-ordinating volunteers, or managing staff, we must learn to expect that they will make mistakes and be prepared to deal with those mistakes in ways that further our aims.

Showing our anger, criticizing the person who makes the mistake, may serve a purpose of "venting," but we pay a huge price for that personal relief. Refer to the key words: Mistakes, Anger, and Sandwich, and search for ways to correct the mistake without negative criticism.

See: Praise Often.

DHAQANKA

Ma ahan kaliya heeso iyo qoobka cayaar, dhaqanku, cilmiga seynisku, macnaheedu waa hab bulshadeed, waa gabi ahanba barashada dabeecado iyo caadoyin, kana kooban hab dhaqameed bulsho oo leh lix qeybood:

• tignolijiyad,

• dhaqaale,

• siyaasad,

• isdhexgal,

• fikrado iyo

• aragtida aduunka.

Qeybta muhiimka ee dhaqanka waa “calaamad." dhaqanku ma ahan abtirsiimo; waa uun calaamad la iskula xiriiro.

Sometimes called the “mid ka sareeya noolaha," maxaa yeelay waxaa uu ka kooban yahay hab bayoloji ahan u jira, bani’aadamka, waxaa uu ka kooban yahay dhaqano isku xiran.

Bulsho waa dhaqan.

KU TIIRSANAANTA

Ku tiirsanaanta waa mid ka mid ah shanta qeybood ee faqriga.

Cudurka ku tiirsanaanta waa dhaqan oo dadku aaminsan yihiin in aysan arrimahooda xalisan karin Kaalmo dibadeen iyadoon la heleyn.

Waa daciifnimo ay sababtay kaalmada dibada.

Cudurka la yiraah kutiirsanaanta caado xun ay aaminsan yihiin dadka qaar inaysay iyaga wax qabsan karin iyogoo aan kaalmo ka helin qeybo kale.

Waa daciifnimo ay abuurtay dadka wax siinay.

HORUMARKA

Dad badan ayaa u maleeya horumarka inuu yahay dhaqaale ahaan oo la kobco, halka ay macnaheeda weyn ay tahay isbedel weyn ay sameyso bulshada.

In la horumaraa waa in la kobcaa, in la kobcaana waa in aad loo sii weyaadaa; waa xiraa inaad noqotaa mid xoog badan oo adag.

Bulsho marka ay horumarto, waxay noqonaysaa mid awood leh.  Waxay dareemeysaa isbedel.

Ninka dhaqaalaha barta waxaa uu horumarka u arkaa koboca dhaqaale  (hadaba ma aha saa); injineerkuna waxaa uu horumarka u arkaa qalab casri ah oo kale.

Wacyigeliyaha, hadaba, waxaa jira laba kamid ah lixda qeybood ee dhaqanka oo ay bulshadu ku horumarto.

Horumarku micnihisu waa in bulshadu ka hormarto dhamaan lixdan qeybood: tignolijiyada, dhaqaalaha, siyaasada, isdhexgalka, fikradaha iyo aragtida dunida.

GEYBAHA

Mid walba oo kamid ah qeybahan  waa sidii qeyb xisaabeedka (dherer, gun, balac) waxay leeyihin qaab lagu taxliliyo, ma ahan tijaabo sameyn; ka saarida  laga saaraa mid, ama la qeexaa, waxay saareysaa qeybihii kale. Waxaa jira lix qeybood.

Qeybahaas oo dhan waa la bartaa, waxay ka kooban yihiin calaamado iyo habab, waana (waxa ay aaminsan yihiin iyo dabeecado, ma aha shaqsi shaqsi) mana ahan meesha ay ka soo jeedaan.

CUDUR

Cudurku waa mid kamid ah shanta qeybood ee faqriga.

Waa iska raqiis, aad u liita, iyo aad muhiim ugu ah bulshada ama mujtamaca in ay ka hortagaan intii ay daweyn lahaayeen cudur ay u adeegsadaan dhaqaale kooban daaweynta cuduro yar yar oo caan ah kuwaas oo saameynaya dhamaan dadka, intii loo isticmaali lahaa qalab casriya iyo xirfado lagu daweeyo ay hayaan dadka qaniga ah (sida sababaha ay WHO ay ku horumarinayso taakuleynta xeerarka baahida caafimaad ee asaasiga ah).

Ogow tan, adinka wacyigeliyaasha ah waxaad la kulmi in baahid koowaad ee bulsho ay tahay in loo dhiso meel caafimaad, laga yaabee in ay sababta ay ugu baahan yihiin ay tahay in ay helaan biyo nadiif ah iyo nadaafada si ay uga hortagaan wasaqowga biyaha cudurada ka dhasha.

DAACADDARRO

Is aamin la’aan iyo daacaddaro.

Daacaddaradu waa mid kamid ah shanta qeybood ee faqriga.

Waxa ay leedahay magacyo badan, uu kamid yahay musuqmaasuqa, qiyaamid waxii laguu dhiibay, xoog wax uga qaadasho, iyo xatooyo.

Waxay dhacdaa marka dhaqaale loogu tala galo in lagu hormariyo bulshada dhan si aan habooneyn, ma si sir ah, loogu leexiyo inay ka faa’iideystaan shaqsiyad gaar ah ayagoo adeegsanaya heerka aaminaad ee bulshadu u muujisay.

Aaminaad la’aantu waxay noqotay inay isu bedesho naceyb iyo faqri.

Taasi waa sababta adiga, wacyigeliye ahaan ama isku duwaha bulshada, inaad horumarisaa bayaaminta, aaminaada iyo daacadnimada bulshada aad horboodeyso.

DOING (learning by doing)

Of all the ways of learning (reading, listening, watching), the most effective is by "doing." See Training Methods.

Learning by doing can include doing directly such as doing a task in the field under supervision by a trainer, or doing indirectly such as participating in a role playing session or simulation game.

JANDAR

Ereyga “jandar" waxaa loo isticmalaa in lagu kala saaro laba qeybood, “lab" iyo "feminine."

Yaan lagu qaldin ereyga “jinsi" kaas oo lagu kala saaro  “rag" iyo "haween."

Jandar, micnihiisu waa waxa ay qabtaan labka iyo dhediga, kuna kala duwan dhaqanka , u dhexeeya bulshaba bulshada kale.

Ujeedadeen jandar waxaan diirada si weyn ugu saareynaa inaan kala saarno howlaha kala duwan ay qabtaan sida ka qeybgalka, xiriirka dhaqaalaha, iyo nolosha bulshada dhexdeeda.

Kuwani waa kala duwanaansho saameyn kuleh bulshada, tana waa saameynta uu ku yeelan karo wacyigeliyaha.

IGNORANCE

One of the five major factors of poverty is ignorance.

To many, the word ignorant is an insult. What we mean is simply that some people do not know some things; there is no shame in that.

Also know that ignorance and stupidity are very different things. Adults can learn, but do not treat them as children or as inferior, or you will block their learning.

Ignorance means not knowing something, stupidity means not being able to know something, and foolishness means doing or not doing something when one knows better. Ignorance, stupidity and foolishness are very different things.

WACYIGELINTA

Wacyigelinta waa in lasoo saaraa waxqabad ficil ah oo ka dhaca bulshada dhexdeeda.  Dhiiri gelin.

Lamid ma ahan abaabul, maxaa yeelay ficilku waxa u ka dhacayaa bulshada dhexdeeda (dadku waxay noqonayan kuwo dhaqaaqa, soconaya) ayaa loogu yeeri karaa wacyigelin.

Wacyigelintu waxay isugu jirtaa abaabul iyo kicin.

MOBILIZER

A mobilizer is a person who mobilizes, ie gets things moving. Social animator. Community development officer or assistant.

Community worker. Activist. Community participation promoter. See: To Be a Mobilizer.

LACAG

Lacag iyo qaninimo isku mid ma han. Waa calaamad dhaqan ahaan dadku aamin san yihiin inay tahay muhiim.

Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu cabiro qaninimada, waa hab isku bedelaya qaninimo, habka lagu qaaro qaninimada.

Lacagtu ma ahan qaninimo.

MUSHROOM TREATMENT

How do you raise mushrooms? You "keep them in the dark and feed them cow manure."

This is a slang phrase meaning the opposite of transparency.

Usually a more rude phrase for male bovine fæces is used instead of "cow manure."

FAQRI

Faqrinimadu ma ahan in la waaya lacag uun, ma ahan keliya in la waaya waxyabaha daruuriga ah, wado, waxbarasho ama cafimad.

Waa uun “faqri qalbiga ah,” ie waa xaalad niyad jab ah, jaahilna laga yahay qeyraad agtaada yaal, ku tiirsanaan dad kale, kalsooni xumo, madluunsanaan, xirfad la’aan, aamin daro, sinaan la’aan ; si kooban hadan dhahno, maamul xumo.

Faqrigu waa dhib ka jira bulshada dhexdeda, una baahan xal; faqrigu ma ahan daqli la’aan.

Faqriga waxaa lagu yareyn karaa in lagu hago dadka faqriga ah inay is caawiyan, saas ayayna awood ku yeelan karaan (xoojinta) waa la tacaalida caqabadaha badan ee ka hor imaanaya.

Baabi’inta faqriga, hadaba, waxaa lagu heli karaa in la joogteeyo maamul wanaaga.

YAREYNTA FAQRIGA (alleviation)

Ereyga “yareynta,” micnaheedu waa in la yareeyo calaamadaha xanuunada iyo dhibta.

Wacyigeliyaha ay ka go’an tahay la dagaalanka waxyaabaha sababa (ma ahan calamadaha) faqriga, waa inaan ka fogaanaa habkan (oo ah in lagu baabi’yo faqriga lacag).

Lacag la siiyaa dadka faqriga ah ma baabi’ineyso faqri.

Fagriga, Ciribtirka Faqriga

CIRIBTIRKA FAQRIGA

Wacyigeliye ahaan, waxaan ka shaqeynaynaa ciribtirka faqriga anagoo taxliil ku sameynayna sababaha faqriga, qaadeynana talaabooyin looga hortagayo sababahaas.

Maadaama uu faqrigu yahay dhibaato bulsho, xalku waa inuu ka yimada bulshada.

Laba hab oo lagu baabi’in karo faqriga (bulsho ahaan iyo shaqsi ahaan) ayaa ku jira laba cutub oo dhameystiran: wareega wacyigelinta bulshada, iyo qaabka daqli abuurka.

POVERTY REDUCTION

The word "reduction" means to make something smaller.  See: Principles of Community Empowerment.

In contrast to “alleviation” which temporarily treats the symptoms of poverty, reduction is seen as on the right pathway towards eradication.

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

The concept of primary health care, promoted and supported by WHO, is a package of policies and practices that are of particular interest to poor people and to people in low income nations.

The principles in that package include putting an emphasis onto spending on low cost health care for the common diseases, which affect the majority of the population, rather than putting scarce resources into high cost, sophisticated (eg high tech) curative practices that benefit only the rich.

It also recognizes that prevention is much cheaper than cure, that it results in less mortality (death rate) and morbidity (illness rate) which put strains on the economy, and is more humane.

It includes the notion that many persons can be trained to low levels of medical skills who can reach more remote areas of the country, and who can refer difficult cases to more highly trained professionals in urban areas.

The notion of PHC is important to mobilizers in poor countries, as it needs to be understood by all people, and it is a more efficient way of allocating limited resources.

The principles lying behind PHC are also applicable to other community based activities, such as community based social work. See the acronym PHC.

SOCIAL ANIMATION

Social animation means to put some life ("anima") into a social institution such as a community.

Usually called "Animation" (not to be confused with making animated cartoons for the cinema). See Animation.

XOOJINTA

Xoojinta bulshada (ama abaabulka) waa kobcinta awooda bulshada, hagaajinta awooda bulshada (quwada) si ay u qaaraan meesha ay hiigsanayaan.

Sida kobcinta awooda bulshada, waa hab ay bulshadu awood ku yeelan karto.

Habka awoodsiinta bulshada, marka loo fiiriyo kaalmada la siiyo, ujeedada uun waa in bulshada la xoojiyaa inay isku filnaan gaaraan kana xorobaan kaalmada shisheeye.

Habka xoojinta, hadaba, uma fududeynayo bulshada wax walbaa ay rabto, sababtoo ah halganka iyo adkeysiga, sida jir dhiska oo kale, waxaa uu kordhiyaa awooda qofka.

awoodsiinta

© Copyright 1967, 1987, 2007 Phil Bartle
Web Design by Lourdes Sada

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Last update: 2015.11.03